Differentiate checkout id/session id

AGENTS.md

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ When referring to a tenant's pubkey, always name it `tenant_pubkey`, not `tenant
 
 Pre-release: squash schema changes into `0001_init.sql` rather than adding new migration files. Once released, migrations become append-only.
 
+Document indexes (what use cases they support), but not tables (those are documented in `models.rs`).
+
 ## Markdown
 
 Do not hard-break markdown files at a certain number of characters. Allow readers to implement line wrapping naturally instead.

backend/migrations/0001_init.sql

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS invoice_item (
   amount INTEGER NOT NULL,
   description TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
   created_at INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  voided_at INTEGER,
   FOREIGN KEY (invoice_id) REFERENCES invoice(id),
   FOREIGN KEY (tenant_pubkey) REFERENCES tenant(pubkey)
 );
@@ -87,7 +88,21 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bolt11 (
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS intent (
   id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
   invoice_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+  payment_method_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+  payment_intent_id TEXT,
   created_at INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  settled_at INTEGER,
+  FOREIGN KEY (invoice_id) REFERENCES invoice(id)
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS checkout (
+  id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+  invoice_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+  session_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+  url TEXT NOT NULL,
+  created_at INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  expires_at INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  settled_at INTEGER,
   FOREIGN KEY (invoice_id) REFERENCES invoice(id)
 );
 
@@ -106,9 +121,15 @@ CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_invoice_open ON invoice (tenant_pubkey, created_a
 
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_invoice_item_invoice ON invoice_item (invoice_id);
 
-CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_invoice_item_outstanding ON invoice_item (tenant_pubkey) WHERE invoice_id IS NULL;
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_invoice_item_outstanding ON invoice_item (tenant_pubkey) WHERE invoice_id IS NULL AND voided_at IS NULL;
 
 -- At most one line item per billable activity to ensure no double-billing.
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_invoice_item_activity ON invoice_item (activity_id);
 
 CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_bolt11_invoice_created ON bolt11 (invoice_id, created_at);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_checkout_invoice_created ON checkout (invoice_id, created_at);
+
+-- At most one unsettled write-ahead intent per invoice: enforces the invariant
+-- and is the ON CONFLICT target for the get-or-create in `ensure_pending_intent`.
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_intent_unsettled ON intent (invoice_id) WHERE settled_at IS NULL;

backend/src/api.rs

@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ use crate::query;
 use crate::robot::Robot;
 use crate::routes::identity::get_identity;
 use crate::routes::invoices::{
-    ensure_invoice_bolt11, get_invoice, list_invoice_items, list_invoices, reconcile_invoice,
+    ensure_invoice_bolt11, ensure_invoice_checkout, get_invoice, list_invoice_items, list_invoices,
+    reconcile_invoice,
 };
 use crate::routes::plans::{get_plan, list_plans};
 use crate::routes::relays::{
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@ impl Api {
             .route("/invoices", get(list_invoices))
             .route("/invoices/:id", get(get_invoice))
             .route("/invoices/:id/reconcile", post(reconcile_invoice))
+            .route("/invoices/:id/checkout", post(ensure_invoice_checkout))
             .route("/invoices/:id/bolt11", post(ensure_invoice_bolt11))
             .route("/invoices/:id/items", get(list_invoice_items))
             .with_state(api)

backend/src/billing.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::bitcoin;
 use crate::command;
 use crate::env;
 use crate::models::{
-    Activity, Bolt11, Invoice, InvoiceItem, RELAY_STATUS_ACTIVE, Snapshot, Tenant,
+    Activity, Bolt11, Checkout, Invoice, InvoiceItem, RELAY_STATUS_ACTIVE, Snapshot, Tenant,
 };
 use crate::query;
 use crate::robot::Robot;
@@ -89,13 +89,15 @@ impl Billing {
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let mut tenant = tenant.clone();
 
-        let activities = query::list_billable_activity(&tenant.pubkey).await?;
+        let mut activities = query::list_billable_activity(&tenant.pubkey).await?;
 
         // A churned tenant with fresh billable activity is using the service
         // again: re-activate billing (and restore their relays) before billing it.
+        // Reactivation records a billable activity for each restored relay; fold
+        // those into this pass so their prorated charges land on the same invoice.
         if tenant.churned_at.is_some() && !activities.is_empty() {
             let relays = query::list_relays_for_tenant(&tenant.pubkey).await?;
-            command::reactivate_tenant(&tenant.pubkey, &relays).await?;
+            activities.extend(command::reactivate_tenant(&tenant.pubkey, &relays).await?);
             tenant.churned_at = None;
         }
 
@@ -120,10 +122,25 @@ impl Billing {
             command::create_invoice(&tenant, &period).await?;
         }
 
-        // Attempt payment on every open invoice after syncing with stripe.
+        // Fetch the tenant's open invoices once
+        let invoices = query::list_open_invoices(&tenant.pubkey).await?;
+
+        // If the tenant is past due, churn them
+        if self.maybe_churn_tenant(&tenant, &invoices).await? {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        // If we're going to try to collect, make sure we have an updated payment method
         if attempt_payment {
             tenant.stripe_payment_method_id = self.sync_stripe_customer(&tenant).await?;
-            self.collect_open_invoices(&tenant).await?;
+        }
+
+        // Reconcile out-of-band payments (and, when collecting, charge) on every
+        // open invoice. The out-of-band checks run even when attempt_payment is
+        // false, so a checkout or bolt11 paid out of band settles on any reconcile.
+        for invoice in &invoices {
+            self.reconcile_payments(&tenant, invoice, attempt_payment, true)
+                .await?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -139,12 +156,12 @@ impl Billing {
                 self.make_prorated_item(tenant, activity, 1, "New relay created")
                     .await?
             }
-            "activate_relay" => {
+            "activate_relay" | "unmark_relay_delinquent" => {
                 self.make_prorated_item(tenant, activity, 1, "Relay reactivated")
                     .await?
             }
             "deactivate_relay" => {
-                self.make_prorated_item(tenant, activity, -1, "Relay deactivated (prorated credit)")
+                self.make_prorated_item(tenant, activity, -1, "Relay deactivated")
                     .await?
             }
             "update_relay" => self.make_plan_change_item(tenant, activity).await?,
@@ -188,6 +205,7 @@ impl Billing {
             amount,
             description: description.to_string(),
             created_at: activity.created_at,
+            voided_at: None,
         }))
     }
 
@@ -234,6 +252,7 @@ impl Billing {
             amount,
             description,
             created_at: activity.created_at,
+            voided_at: None,
         }))
     }
 
@@ -276,6 +295,7 @@ impl Billing {
                 amount: plan.amount,
                 description: "Subscription renewal".to_string(),
                 created_at: period.start,
+                voided_at: None,
             });
         }
 
@@ -284,87 +304,114 @@ impl Billing {
         command::insert_invoice_items_for_renewal(&line_items, period).await
     }
 
-    // --- Payments ---
+    // --- Auto-churn ---
 
-    /// Dunning pass over a tenant's open invoices: if the oldest has been unpaid
-    /// past the grace period, churn the tenant; otherwise retry payment on each.
-    async fn collect_open_invoices(&self, tenant: &Tenant) -> Result<()> {
-        let open = query::list_open_invoices(&tenant.pubkey).await?;
-        let Some(oldest) = open.first() else {
-            return Ok(());
+    /// Churn a tenant whose oldest open invoice has blown past the grace period:
+    /// pause their relays and DM them once, on the transition into churn. Returns
+    /// whether the tenant is past due, so the caller can skip collecting this pass.
+    async fn maybe_churn_tenant(&self, tenant: &Tenant, invoices: &[Invoice]) -> Result<bool> {
+        let Some(oldest) = invoices.first() else {
+            return Ok(false);
         };
 
         let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
-        if now - oldest.created_at >= GRACE_PERIOD_SECS {
-            if tenant.churned_at.is_none() {
-                let relays = query::list_relays_for_tenant(&tenant.pubkey).await?;
-                command::churn_tenant(&tenant.pubkey, now, &relays).await?;
+        if now - oldest.created_at < GRACE_PERIOD_SECS {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
 
-                // Notify the tenant once, on the transition into churn (the guard
-                // above fires this a single time). Log-and-continue on failure.
-                let message = format!("{CHURN_DM}\n\n{}/account", env::get().app_url);
-                if let Err(e) = self.robot.send_dm(&tenant.pubkey, &message).await {
-                    tracing::error!(tenant = %tenant.pubkey, error = %e, "failed to send churn DM");
-                }
+        // Past due. Churn once (the guard fires a single time on the transition)
+        // and notify the tenant, logging and continuing on DM failure.
+        if tenant.churned_at.is_none() {
+            let relays = query::list_relays_for_tenant(&tenant.pubkey).await?;
+            command::churn_tenant(&tenant.pubkey, now, &relays).await?;
+
+            let message = format!("{CHURN_DM}\n\n{}/account", env::get().app_url);
+            if let Err(e) = self.robot.send_dm(&tenant.pubkey, &message).await {
+                tracing::error!(tenant = %tenant.pubkey, error = %e, "failed to send churn DM");
             }
-            return Ok(());
         }
 
-        for invoice in &open {
-            self.attempt_payment(tenant, invoice, true).await?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(true)
     }
 
-    /// Collect an invoice via NWC, then a saved card, then (when `notify`) a
-    /// manual DM. A failing method's error is stored on the tenant (to warn them
-    /// in the UI) but never aborts the cascade or future retries; a method's
-    /// error is cleared when it next succeeds. Caller-initiated payments pass
-    /// `notify = false` to skip the dunning DM, since the failure is already
-    /// surfaced on screen.
-    pub async fn attempt_payment(
+    // --- Payments ---
+
+    /// Collect an invoice. We check the out-of-band rails first — a Lightning
+    /// invoice or Checkout session the tenant may have already paid — and only
+    /// then initiate a fresh charge (NWC, then a saved card), so a payment that's
+    /// already in flight is never duplicated. Falling all the way through sends a
+    /// manual-payment DM (when `notify`). A failing charge's error is stored on
+    /// the tenant (to warn them in the UI) but never aborts the cascade or future
+    /// retries; it's cleared when a method next succeeds. Caller-initiated
+    /// payments pass `notify = false` to skip the dunning DM, since the failure
+    /// is already surfaced on screen.
+    pub async fn reconcile_payments(
         &self,
         tenant: &Tenant,
         invoice: &Invoice,
+        autopay: bool,
         notify: bool,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let mut error_message: Option<String> = None;
 
-        // 1. NWC auto-pay: if the tenant has configured an nwc_url, try it first.
-        if !tenant.nwc_url.is_empty() {
-            match self.attempt_payment_using_nwc(tenant, invoice).await {
-                Ok(()) => return Ok(()),
-                Err(e) => error_message = Some(format!("{e}")),
-            }
-        }
-
-        // 2. Out-of-band lightning: catches partially failed NWC or manual payment
+        // 1. Out-of-band lightning: settle a bolt11 paid out of band (e.g. a
+        // manual QR scan, or an NWC pay that completed but failed to record).
+        // Checked before any charge so we never bill on top of it.
         if let Some(bolt11) = query::get_bolt11_for_invoice(&invoice.id).await?
             && bolt11.settled_at.is_none()
             && self.wallet.is_settled(&bolt11.lnbc).await.unwrap_or(false)
         {
             command::settle_invoice_out_of_band(&bolt11.id, &invoice.id).await?;
+            return self.cleanup_pending_payments(invoice).await;
+        }
+
+        // 2. Hosted Checkout: settle an invoice the tenant paid (and
+        // authenticated) on a Stripe Checkout session that has since completed.
+        // Also checked before any charge so we never bill on top of it.
+        if let Some(checkout) = query::get_checkout_for_invoice(&invoice.id).await?
+            && checkout.settled_at.is_none()
+            && self
+                .stripe
+                .is_checkout_paid(&checkout.session_id)
+                .await
+                .unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            command::settle_invoice_via_checkout(&tenant.pubkey, &checkout.id, &invoice.id).await?;
+            return self.cleanup_pending_payments(invoice).await;
+        }
+
+        if !autopay {
             return Ok(());
         }
 
-        // 3. Payment method on file: charge the tenant's cached Stripe payment
+        // 3. NWC auto-pay: if the tenant has configured an nwc_url, charge it.
+        if !tenant.nwc_url.is_empty() {
+            match self.attempt_payment_using_nwc(tenant, invoice).await {
+                Ok(()) => return self.cleanup_pending_payments(invoice).await,
+                Err(e) => error_message = Some(format!("{e}")),
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 4. Payment method on file: charge the tenant's cached Stripe payment
         // method, kept fresh by sync_stripe_payment_method before collection.
         if let Some(payment_method) = &tenant.stripe_payment_method_id {
             match self
                 .attempt_payment_using_stripe(tenant, invoice, payment_method)
                 .await
             {
-                Ok(()) => return Ok(()),
+                Ok(()) => return self.cleanup_pending_payments(invoice).await,
                 Err(e) => error_message = error_message.or_else(|| Some(format!("{e}"))),
             }
         }
 
-        // 4. Manual payment: DM a link to the in-app payment page for this invoice.
-        if notify
-            && let Err(e) = self
-                .attempt_payment_using_dm(tenant, invoice, error_message)
-                .await
+        if !notify {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        // 5. Manual payment: DM a link to the in-app payment page for this invoice.
+        if let Err(e) = self
+            .attempt_payment_using_dm(tenant, invoice, error_message)
+            .await
         {
             tracing::error!(
                 tenant = %tenant.pubkey,
@@ -403,28 +450,36 @@ impl Billing {
         invoice: &Invoice,
         payment_method_id: &str,
     ) -> Result<()> {
-        let result: Result<()> = async {
-            let intent_id = self
-                .stripe
-                .create_payment_intent(
-                    &tenant.stripe_customer_id,
-                    payment_method_id,
-                    &invoice.id,
-                    invoice.amount,
-                    "usd",
-                )
-                .await?;
+        let intent = command::ensure_pending_intent(&invoice.id, payment_method_id).await?;
 
-            command::settle_invoice_via_stripe(&tenant.pubkey, &intent_id, &invoice.id).await
-        }
-        .await;
+        let payment_intent_id = match self
+            .stripe
+            .create_payment_intent(
+                &tenant.stripe_customer_id,
+                &intent.payment_method_id,
+                &invoice.id,
+                invoice.amount,
+                "usd",
+            )
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(id) => id,
+            // Drop the attempt so the next pass retries cleanly on the tenant's
+            // current method, and record the failure to warn the user in the UI.
+            Err(error) => {
+                command::delete_intent(&intent.id).await?;
+                command::set_tenant_stripe_error(&tenant.pubkey, &format!("{error}")).await?;
+                return Err(error);
+            }
+        };
 
-        // Record the failure on the tenant (to warn them in the UI) but still
-        // surface it, so the cascade can fall through and summarize it in the DM.
-        if let Err(error) = &result {
-            command::set_tenant_stripe_error(&tenant.pubkey, &format!("{error}")).await?;
-        }
-        result
+        command::settle_invoice_via_intent(
+            &tenant.pubkey,
+            &intent.id,
+            &payment_intent_id,
+            &invoice.id,
+        )
+        .await
     }
 
     async fn attempt_payment_using_dm(
@@ -472,6 +527,26 @@ impl Billing {
         command::mark_invoice_notified(invoice_id).await
     }
 
+    /// Run after an invoice is settled to invalidate out-of-band payment methods
+    /// so the tenant can't pay twice. Only Stripe Checkout sessions can actually
+    /// be invalidated (by expiring them); Lightning/NWC has no such mechanism.
+    /// The session that just paid (if any) was marked settled in its settle
+    /// transaction, so it's excluded here and not needlessly expired.
+    async fn cleanup_pending_payments(&self, invoice: &Invoice) -> Result<()> {
+        for checkout in query::list_pending_checkouts_for_invoice(&invoice.id).await? {
+            if let Err(error) = self.stripe.expire_checkout_session(&checkout.session_id).await {
+                tracing::debug!(
+                    invoice = %invoice.id,
+                    checkout = %checkout.id,
+                    error = %error,
+                    "could not expire checkout session"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     // --- Bolt11 utils ---
 
     pub async fn ensure_bolt11_for_invoice(&self, invoice: &Invoice) -> Result<Bolt11> {
@@ -501,6 +576,61 @@ impl Billing {
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("failed to insert bolt11"))
     }
 
+    // --- Checkout utils ---
+
+    /// Idempotently produce a hosted Stripe Checkout session for an open invoice,
+    /// reusing an unsettled, unexpired one if present — the on-session card
+    /// counterpart to [`Self::ensure_bolt11_for_invoice`]. Checkout lets the
+    /// tenant clear a 3D Secure challenge the off-session card charge can't. On
+    /// success Stripe returns the tenant to their account page, where collection
+    /// is reconciled (here and on the dunning poll) once the session reads paid.
+    pub async fn ensure_checkout_for_invoice(
+        &self,
+        tenant: &Tenant,
+        invoice: &Invoice,
+    ) -> Result<Checkout> {
+        let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
+
+        // Never open a Checkout for an invoice that's already resolved.
+        if invoice.paid_at.is_some() || invoice.voided_at.is_some() {
+            return Err(anyhow!("invoice is not open"));
+        }
+
+        // Reuse a still-valid pending session so repeated clicks land on one page.
+        if let Some(existing) = query::get_checkout_for_invoice(&invoice.id).await?
+            && now < existing.expires_at
+        {
+            if existing.settled_at.is_some() {
+                return Err(anyhow!(
+                    "a checkout has already been settled for this invoice"
+                ));
+            }
+
+            return Ok(existing);
+        }
+
+        // Stripe returns the tenant to their account page on success or cancel.
+        // The landing page reconciles the tenant, which now settles a paid
+        // Checkout out of band, so the URL needs no per-invoice marker.
+        let return_url = format!("{}/account", env::get().app_url);
+
+        let (session_id, url, expires_at) = self
+            .stripe
+            .create_checkout_session(
+                &tenant.stripe_customer_id,
+                &invoice.id,
+                invoice.amount,
+                "usd",
+                &return_url,
+                &return_url,
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+        command::insert_checkout(&invoice.id, &session_id, &url, expires_at)
+            .await?
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("failed to insert checkout"))
+    }
+
     // --- Stripe utils ---
 
     /// Refresh stripe-related state for a tenant, returning the synced payment

backend/src/command.rs

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ use sqlx::{Sqlite, Transaction};
 use crate::billing::BillingPeriod;
 use crate::db::{pool, publish, with_tx};
 use crate::models::{
-    Activity, Bolt11, Invoice, InvoiceItem, RELAY_STATUS_ACTIVE, RELAY_STATUS_DELINQUENT,
-    RELAY_STATUS_INACTIVE, Relay, Snapshot, Tenant,
+    Activity, Bolt11, Checkout, Intent, Invoice, InvoiceItem, RELAY_STATUS_ACTIVE,
+    RELAY_STATUS_DELINQUENT, RELAY_STATUS_INACTIVE, Relay, Snapshot, Tenant,
 };
 
 // --- Tenants ---
@@ -114,8 +114,10 @@ pub async fn churn_tenant(tenant_pubkey: &str, now: i64, relays: &[Relay]) -> Re
 }
 
 /// Atomically re-activate a churned tenant: clear the churn marker, restore every
-/// delinquent relay to active, and void any still-open invoices.
-pub async fn reactivate_tenant(tenant_pubkey: &str, relays: &[Relay]) -> Result<()> {
+/// delinquent relay to active, and void any still-open invoices. Returns the
+/// `unmark_relay_delinquent` activities recorded for the restored relays, so the
+/// caller can fold their prorated charges into the same reconcile pass.
+pub async fn reactivate_tenant(tenant_pubkey: &str, relays: &[Relay]) -> Result<Vec<Activity>> {
     let activities = with_tx(async |tx| {
         set_tenant_churned_at_tx(tx, tenant_pubkey, None).await?;
 
@@ -135,10 +137,10 @@ pub async fn reactivate_tenant(tenant_pubkey: &str, relays: &[Relay]) -> Result<
     })
     .await?;
 
-    for activity in activities {
-        publish(activity);
+    for activity in &activities {
+        publish(activity.clone());
     }
-    Ok(())
+    Ok(activities)
 }
 
 // --- Relays ---
@@ -348,20 +350,22 @@ pub async fn mark_activity_billed(activity_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
 
 // --- Invoices ---
 
-/// Claim all of a tenant's outstanding items onto a new invoice. A non-positive
-/// balance leaves the items outstanding so the credit carries to the next positive
-/// invoice. Returns the invoice, or `None` when there's nothing to bill.
+/// Claim a tenant's outstanding items onto a new invoice once the balance clears
+/// the minimum.
 pub async fn create_invoice(tenant: &Tenant, period: &BillingPeriod) -> Result<Option<Invoice>> {
     with_tx(async |tx| {
         let total = sqlx::query_scalar::<_, i64>(
             "SELECT COALESCE(SUM(amount), 0) FROM invoice_item
-             WHERE tenant_pubkey = ? AND invoice_id IS NULL",
+             WHERE tenant_pubkey = ? AND invoice_id IS NULL AND voided_at IS NULL",
         )
         .bind(&tenant.pubkey)
         .fetch_one(&mut **tx)
         .await?;
 
-        if total <= 0 {
+        // Stripe's minimum charge is $0.50 USD; $1 leaves margin so a later
+        // small credit can't drop a fresh invoice under that floor. Leave
+        // items outstanding and carry to a later invoice.
+        if total <= 100 {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
@@ -369,7 +373,7 @@ pub async fn create_invoice(tenant: &Tenant, period: &BillingPeriod) -> Result<O
 
         sqlx::query(
             "UPDATE invoice_item SET invoice_id = ?
-             WHERE tenant_pubkey = ? AND invoice_id IS NULL",
+             WHERE tenant_pubkey = ? AND invoice_id IS NULL AND voided_at IS NULL",
         )
         .bind(&invoice.id)
         .bind(&tenant.pubkey)
@@ -383,6 +387,16 @@ pub async fn create_invoice(tenant: &Tenant, period: &BillingPeriod) -> Result<O
 
 // --- Payment settlement ---
 
+/// Atomically record a Lightning settlement that happened out of band.
+pub async fn settle_invoice_out_of_band(bolt11_id: &str, invoice_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    with_tx(async |tx| {
+        mark_bolt11_settled_tx(tx, bolt11_id).await?;
+        mark_invoice_paid_tx(tx, invoice_id, "oob").await?;
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .await
+}
+
 /// Atomically record an NWC-settled invoice: clear the tenant's stored NWC error,
 /// mark the bolt11 settled, and mark the invoice paid.
 pub async fn settle_invoice_via_nwc(
@@ -399,26 +413,37 @@ pub async fn settle_invoice_via_nwc(
     .await
 }
 
-/// Atomically record a Lightning settlement that happened out of band.
-pub async fn settle_invoice_out_of_band(bolt11_id: &str, invoice_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+/// Atomically settle an invoice paid off-session: stamp the write-ahead intent
+/// with the Stripe PaymentIntent that confirmed it, clear the tenant's stored
+/// Stripe error, and mark the invoice paid. `intent_id` is our row id (from
+/// [`insert_pending_intent`]); `payment_intent_id` is the Stripe `pi_…`.
+pub async fn settle_invoice_via_intent(
+    tenant_pubkey: &str,
+    intent_id: &str,
+    payment_intent_id: &str,
+    invoice_id: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
     with_tx(async |tx| {
-        mark_bolt11_settled_tx(tx, bolt11_id).await?;
-        mark_invoice_paid_tx(tx, invoice_id, "oob").await?;
+        clear_tenant_stripe_error_tx(tx, tenant_pubkey).await?;
+        mark_intent_settled_tx(tx, intent_id, payment_intent_id).await?;
+        mark_invoice_paid_tx(tx, invoice_id, "stripe").await?;
         Ok(())
     })
     .await
 }
 
-/// Atomically record a Stripe-settled invoice: persist the PaymentIntent, clear
-/// the tenant's stored Stripe error, and mark the invoice paid.
-pub async fn settle_invoice_via_stripe(
+/// Atomically record an invoice paid via a hosted Checkout session: stamp the
+/// checkout settled, clear the tenant's stored Stripe error, and mark the invoice
+/// paid. The checkout was inserted unsettled by [`insert_checkout`]. `checkout_id`
+/// is our row id, not the Stripe Checkout Session id.
+pub async fn settle_invoice_via_checkout(
     tenant_pubkey: &str,
-    intent_id: &str,
+    checkout_id: &str,
     invoice_id: &str,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     with_tx(async |tx| {
-        insert_intent_tx(tx, intent_id, invoice_id).await?;
         clear_tenant_stripe_error_tx(tx, tenant_pubkey).await?;
+        mark_checkout_settled_tx(tx, checkout_id).await?;
         mark_invoice_paid_tx(tx, invoice_id, "stripe").await?;
         Ok(())
     })
@@ -463,8 +488,38 @@ pub async fn insert_bolt11(
     .await?)
 }
 
+// --- Checkout records ---
+
+/// Record a pending Stripe Checkout session for an invoice, returning the stored
+/// [`Checkout`]. Mirrors [`insert_bolt11`]: created unsettled with our own id,
+/// then stamped by [`settle_invoice_via_checkout`] once the session is paid.
+pub async fn insert_checkout(
+    invoice_id: &str,
+    session_id: &str,
+    url: &str,
+    expires_at: i64,
+) -> Result<Option<Checkout>> {
+    let id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+    let created_at = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
+
+    Ok(sqlx::query_as::<_, Checkout>(
+        "INSERT INTO checkout (id, invoice_id, session_id, url, created_at, expires_at)
+         VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) RETURNING *",
+    )
+    .bind(id)
+    .bind(invoice_id)
+    .bind(session_id)
+    .bind(url)
+    .bind(created_at)
+    .bind(expires_at)
+    .fetch_optional(pool())
+    .await?)
+}
+
 // --- Internal utils that take an explicit transaction ---
 
+// --- Activities ---
+
 async fn insert_activity_tx(
     tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
     activity_type: &str,
@@ -511,52 +566,6 @@ async fn insert_activity_tx(
     })
 }
 
-async fn insert_invoice_tx(
-    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
-    tenant: &Tenant,
-    period: &BillingPeriod,
-    amount: i64,
-) -> Result<Invoice> {
-    let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
-    let invoice_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-
-    Ok(sqlx::query_as::<_, Invoice>(
-        "INSERT INTO invoice (id, tenant_pubkey, amount, period_start, period_end, created_at)
-         VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) RETURNING *",
-    )
-    .bind(invoice_id)
-    .bind(&tenant.pubkey)
-    .bind(amount)
-    .bind(period.start)
-    .bind(period.end)
-    .bind(now)
-    .fetch_one(&mut **tx)
-    .await?)
-}
-
-async fn insert_invoice_item_tx(
-    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
-    item: &InvoiceItem,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    sqlx::query(
-        "INSERT INTO invoice_item
-            (id, invoice_id, activity_id, tenant_pubkey, relay_id, plan_id, amount, description, created_at)
-         VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
-    )
-    .bind(&item.id)
-    .bind(&item.invoice_id)
-    .bind(&item.activity_id)
-    .bind(&item.tenant_pubkey)
-    .bind(&item.relay_id)
-    .bind(&item.plan_id)
-    .bind(item.amount)
-    .bind(&item.description)
-    .bind(item.created_at)
-    .execute(&mut **tx)
-    .await?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 /// Claim an activity as billed. Returns `true` if this call set the marker, and
 /// `false` if it was already set — e.g. a concurrent reconcile pass won the race —
 /// so callers can skip work that would otherwise double-bill.
@@ -574,79 +583,7 @@ async fn mark_activity_billed_tx(
     Ok(result.rows_affected() > 0)
 }
 
-/// Set a relay's status (and flag it for re-sync), recording the matching
-/// activity. Returns the activity so the caller can `publish` it after the
-/// enclosing transaction commits.
-async fn set_relay_status_tx(
-    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
-    relay: &Relay,
-    status: &str,
-    activity_type: &str,
-) -> Result<Activity> {
-    sqlx::query("UPDATE relay SET status = ?, synced = 0 WHERE id = ?")
-        .bind(status)
-        .bind(&relay.id)
-        .execute(&mut **tx)
-        .await?;
-    let snapshot = Snapshot::Relay {
-        plan: relay.plan_id.clone(),
-        status: status.to_string(),
-    };
-    insert_activity_tx(tx, activity_type, &relay.id, snapshot).await
-}
-
-/// Stamp a bolt11 as settled but don't overwrite an existing settled_at.
-async fn mark_bolt11_settled_tx(tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>, bolt11_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-    let settled_at = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
-
-    sqlx::query("UPDATE bolt11 SET settled_at = ? WHERE id = ? AND settled_at IS NULL")
-        .bind(settled_at)
-        .bind(bolt11_id)
-        .execute(&mut **tx)
-        .await?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Mark an invoice paid, but only while it is still open — a late Lightning
-/// payment never flips a voided/forgiven invoice to paid, and a Stripe-paid
-/// invoice never has its provenance overwritten by a later bolt11.
-async fn mark_invoice_paid_tx(
-    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
-    invoice_id: &str,
-    method: &str,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let paid_at = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
-
-    sqlx::query(
-        "UPDATE invoice SET method = ?, paid_at = ?
-         WHERE id = ? AND paid_at IS NULL AND voided_at IS NULL",
-    )
-    .bind(method)
-    .bind(paid_at)
-    .bind(invoice_id)
-    .execute(&mut **tx)
-    .await?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Void all of a tenant's open invoices, forgiving the balance — used when a
-/// tenant churns or re-activates, so old debt never has to be collected.
-async fn void_open_invoices_tx(
-    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
-    tenant_pubkey: &str,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let voided_at = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
-
-    sqlx::query(
-        "UPDATE invoice SET voided_at = ?
-         WHERE tenant_pubkey = ? AND paid_at IS NULL AND voided_at IS NULL",
-    )
-    .bind(voided_at)
-    .bind(tenant_pubkey)
-    .execute(&mut **tx)
-    .await?;
-    Ok(())
-}
+// --- Tenants ---
 
 /// Set or clear the tenant's churn marker. Set when an invoice ages past the
 /// grace period, cleared when billing is re-activated.
@@ -682,23 +619,229 @@ async fn clear_tenant_stripe_error_tx(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Record the Stripe PaymentIntent that paid an invoice. Keyed by the Stripe
-/// PaymentIntent id, so it's idempotent.
-async fn insert_intent_tx(
-    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
-    intent_id: &str,
-    invoice_id: &str,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let created_at = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
+// --- Relays ---
 
-    sqlx::query(
-        "INSERT INTO intent (id, invoice_id, created_at)
-         VALUES (?, ?, ?) ON CONFLICT(id) DO NOTHING",
+/// Set a relay's status (and flag it for re-sync), recording the matching
+/// activity. Returns the activity so the caller can `publish` it after the
+/// enclosing transaction commits.
+async fn set_relay_status_tx(
+    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
+    relay: &Relay,
+    status: &str,
+    activity_type: &str,
+) -> Result<Activity> {
+    sqlx::query("UPDATE relay SET status = ?, synced = 0 WHERE id = ?")
+        .bind(status)
+        .bind(&relay.id)
+        .execute(&mut **tx)
+        .await?;
+    let snapshot = Snapshot::Relay {
+        plan: relay.plan_id.clone(),
+        status: status.to_string(),
+    };
+    insert_activity_tx(tx, activity_type, &relay.id, snapshot).await
+}
+
+// --- Invoices ---
+
+async fn insert_invoice_tx(
+    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
+    tenant: &Tenant,
+    period: &BillingPeriod,
+    amount: i64,
+) -> Result<Invoice> {
+    let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
+    let invoice_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+
+    Ok(sqlx::query_as::<_, Invoice>(
+        "INSERT INTO invoice (id, tenant_pubkey, amount, period_start, period_end, created_at)
+         VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) RETURNING *",
     )
-    .bind(intent_id)
     .bind(invoice_id)
-    .bind(created_at)
+    .bind(&tenant.pubkey)
+    .bind(amount)
+    .bind(period.start)
+    .bind(period.end)
+    .bind(now)
+    .fetch_one(&mut **tx)
+    .await?)
+}
+
+async fn insert_invoice_item_tx(
+    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
+    item: &InvoiceItem,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    sqlx::query(
+        "INSERT INTO invoice_item
+            (id, invoice_id, activity_id, tenant_pubkey, relay_id, plan_id, amount, description, created_at, voided_at)
+         VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
+    )
+    .bind(&item.id)
+    .bind(&item.invoice_id)
+    .bind(&item.activity_id)
+    .bind(&item.tenant_pubkey)
+    .bind(&item.relay_id)
+    .bind(&item.plan_id)
+    .bind(item.amount)
+    .bind(&item.description)
+    .bind(item.created_at)
+    .bind(item.voided_at)
     .execute(&mut **tx)
     .await?;
     Ok(())
 }
+
+/// Mark an invoice paid, but only while it is still open — a late Lightning
+/// payment never flips a voided/forgiven invoice to paid, and a Stripe-paid
+/// invoice never has its provenance overwritten by a later bolt11.
+async fn mark_invoice_paid_tx(
+    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
+    invoice_id: &str,
+    method: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let paid_at = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
+
+    sqlx::query(
+        "UPDATE invoice SET method = ?, paid_at = ?
+         WHERE id = ? AND paid_at IS NULL AND voided_at IS NULL",
+    )
+    .bind(method)
+    .bind(paid_at)
+    .bind(invoice_id)
+    .execute(&mut **tx)
+    .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Void all of a tenant's open invoices and unpaid line items, forgiving the
+/// balance — used when a tenant churns or re-activates, so old debt never has to
+/// be collected. Voiding the items too (both outstanding ones and those on the
+/// just-voided invoices) keeps a credit from bleeding into a future invoice and
+/// lets a re-billed period start from a clean ledger. Items on a paid invoice are
+/// left untouched.
+async fn void_open_invoices_tx(
+    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
+    tenant_pubkey: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let voided_at = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
+
+    sqlx::query(
+        "UPDATE invoice SET voided_at = ?
+         WHERE tenant_pubkey = ? AND paid_at IS NULL AND voided_at IS NULL",
+    )
+    .bind(voided_at)
+    .bind(tenant_pubkey)
+    .execute(&mut **tx)
+    .await?;
+
+    // Run after voiding the invoices above, so the `paid_at IS NULL` subquery
+    // catches their now-voided items along with the still-outstanding ones.
+    sqlx::query(
+        "UPDATE invoice_item SET voided_at = ?
+         WHERE tenant_pubkey = ? AND voided_at IS NULL
+           AND (invoice_id IS NULL OR invoice_id IN (
+               SELECT id FROM invoice WHERE paid_at IS NULL
+           ))",
+    )
+    .bind(voided_at)
+    .bind(tenant_pubkey)
+    .execute(&mut **tx)
+    .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// --- Bolt11 ---
+
+/// Stamp a bolt11 as settled but don't overwrite an existing settled_at.
+async fn mark_bolt11_settled_tx(tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>, bolt11_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let settled_at = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
+
+    sqlx::query("UPDATE bolt11 SET settled_at = ? WHERE id = ? AND settled_at IS NULL")
+        .bind(settled_at)
+        .bind(bolt11_id)
+        .execute(&mut **tx)
+        .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// --- Checkouts ---
+
+/// Stamp a checkout as settled but don't overwrite an existing settled_at, so a
+/// re-reconcile of the same session is a no-op. Keyed by our row id.
+async fn mark_checkout_settled_tx(
+    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
+    checkout_id: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let settled_at = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
+
+    sqlx::query("UPDATE checkout SET settled_at = ? WHERE id = ? AND settled_at IS NULL")
+        .bind(settled_at)
+        .bind(checkout_id)
+        .execute(&mut **tx)
+        .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// --- Intents ---
+
+/// Write-ahead an off-session charge attempt before confirming it with Stripe,
+/// returning the stored [`Intent`]. Records the payment method so a retry after a
+/// lost settle re-confirms the same (idempotent) PaymentIntent; settled later by
+/// [`settle_invoice_via_intent`], or dropped by [`delete_intent`] if it declines.
+///
+/// Get-or-create, atomically: if the invoice already has an unsettled intent,
+/// returns it unchanged (keeping its original `payment_method_id`, so the retry
+/// re-confirms the same charge); otherwise inserts a fresh one. The partial
+/// unique index on (invoice_id) WHERE settled_at IS NULL makes this race-free —
+/// concurrent reconciles converge on one intent instead of two.
+pub async fn ensure_pending_intent(invoice_id: &str, payment_method_id: &str) -> Result<Intent> {
+    let id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+    let created_at = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
+
+    Ok(sqlx::query_as::<_, Intent>(
+        "INSERT INTO intent (id, invoice_id, payment_method_id, created_at)
+         VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)
+         ON CONFLICT(invoice_id) WHERE settled_at IS NULL
+           DO UPDATE SET payment_method_id = intent.payment_method_id
+         RETURNING *",
+    )
+    .bind(id)
+    .bind(invoice_id)
+    .bind(payment_method_id)
+    .bind(created_at)
+    .fetch_one(pool())
+    .await?)
+}
+
+/// Stamp an off-session intent settled with the Stripe PaymentIntent that
+/// confirmed it, but don't overwrite an existing settled_at — so reconciling the
+/// same attempt twice is a no-op.
+async fn mark_intent_settled_tx(
+    tx: &mut Transaction<'_, Sqlite>,
+    intent_id: &str,
+    payment_intent_id: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let settled_at = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
+
+    sqlx::query(
+        "UPDATE intent SET settled_at = ?, payment_intent_id = ?
+         WHERE id = ? AND settled_at IS NULL",
+    )
+    .bind(settled_at)
+    .bind(payment_intent_id)
+    .bind(intent_id)
+    .execute(&mut **tx)
+    .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Drop a write-ahead intent whose charge didn't go through, so the next attempt
+/// starts clean (on the tenant's current method). A charge that confirmed but
+/// whose settle failed is instead left unsettled, for reconcile to re-confirm.
+pub async fn delete_intent(intent_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    sqlx::query("DELETE FROM intent WHERE id = ?")
+        .bind(intent_id)
+        .execute(pool())
+        .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}

backend/src/models.rs

@@ -154,6 +154,10 @@ pub struct InvoiceItem {
     pub amount: i64,
     pub description: String,
     pub created_at: i64,
+    /// Set when the item is forgiven — the tenant churned or reactivated — so it
+    /// is never billed or carried into a later invoice; `None` while live. Applies
+    /// whether or not the item has been claimed onto an invoice.
+    pub voided_at: Option<i64>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, sqlx::FromRow)]
@@ -166,3 +170,34 @@ pub struct Bolt11 {
     pub expires_at: i64,
     pub settled_at: Option<i64>,
 }
+
+/// A hosted Stripe Checkout session opened to pay an invoice on-session (so a 3D
+/// Secure challenge can be cleared), shaped like [`Bolt11`]: created pending and
+/// stamped `settled_at` once paid. `id` is our uuid; `session_id` is the Stripe
+/// Checkout Session (`cs_…`), used to reconcile and expire it; `url` is the
+/// hosted page we redirect the tenant to.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, sqlx::FromRow)]
+pub struct Checkout {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub invoice_id: String,
+    pub session_id: String,
+    pub url: String,
+    pub created_at: i64,
+    pub expires_at: i64,
+    pub settled_at: Option<i64>,
+}
+
+/// A write-ahead record of an off-session card charge: inserted before the Stripe
+/// call and stamped `settled_at` once the charge confirms and the invoice is paid.
+/// `payment_method_id` is the method it charges, so a retry after a lost settle
+/// re-confirms the same (idempotent) PaymentIntent rather than charging a second
+/// one; `payment_intent_id` is the Stripe `pi_…` that settled it.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, sqlx::FromRow)]
+pub struct Intent {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub invoice_id: String,
+    pub payment_method_id: String,
+    pub payment_intent_id: Option<String>,
+    pub created_at: i64,
+    pub settled_at: Option<i64>,
+}

backend/src/query.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use anyhow::{Result, anyhow};
 
 use crate::db::pool;
-use crate::models::{Activity, Bolt11, Invoice, InvoiceItem, Plan, Relay, Tenant};
+use crate::models::{Activity, Bolt11, Checkout, Invoice, InvoiceItem, Plan, Relay, Tenant};
 
 fn select_tenant(tail: &str) -> String {
     format!("SELECT * FROM tenant {tail}")
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ pub async fn list_invoice_items_for_invoice(invoice_id: &str) -> Result<Vec<Invo
 pub async fn list_unbilled_invoice_items(tenant_pubkey: &str) -> Result<Vec<InvoiceItem>> {
     Ok(sqlx::query_as::<_, InvoiceItem>(
         "SELECT * FROM invoice_item
-         WHERE tenant_pubkey = ? AND invoice_id IS NULL
+         WHERE tenant_pubkey = ? AND invoice_id IS NULL AND voided_at IS NULL
          ORDER BY created_at ASC",
     )
     .bind(tenant_pubkey)
@@ -197,6 +197,31 @@ pub async fn get_bolt11_for_invoice(invoice_id: &str) -> Result<Option<Bolt11>>
     .await?)
 }
 
+// --- Checkouts ---
+
+/// The most recent Checkout session for an invoice, regardless of `settled_at`,
+/// so a session can still be expired on Stripe after we've locally marked it
+/// settled. Mirrors [`get_bolt11_for_invoice`]; callers gate on `settled_at`.
+pub async fn get_checkout_for_invoice(invoice_id: &str) -> Result<Option<Checkout>> {
+    Ok(sqlx::query_as::<_, Checkout>(
+        "SELECT * FROM checkout WHERE invoice_id = ? ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 1",
+    )
+    .bind(invoice_id)
+    .fetch_optional(pool())
+    .await?)
+}
+
+/// Every still-pending (unsettled) Checkout session for an invoice — the ones to
+/// expire on Stripe once the invoice has been paid another way.
+pub async fn list_pending_checkouts_for_invoice(invoice_id: &str) -> Result<Vec<Checkout>> {
+    Ok(sqlx::query_as::<_, Checkout>(
+        "SELECT * FROM checkout WHERE invoice_id = ? AND settled_at IS NULL ORDER BY created_at DESC",
+    )
+    .bind(invoice_id)
+    .fetch_all(pool())
+    .await?)
+}
+
 // --- Activity ---
 
 /// Billable activity for a tenant not yet folded into an invoice. The
@@ -208,7 +233,8 @@ pub async fn list_billable_activity(tenant_pubkey: &str) -> Result<Vec<Activity>
         "WHERE tenant_pubkey = ?
            AND billed_at IS NULL
            AND activity_type IN (
-               'create_relay', 'update_relay', 'activate_relay', 'deactivate_relay'
+               'create_relay', 'update_relay', 'activate_relay', 'deactivate_relay',
+               'unmark_relay_delinquent'
            )
          ORDER BY created_at ASC",
     ))

backend/src/routes/invoices.rs

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub async fn reconcile_invoice(
         .map_err(internal)?;
 
     api.billing
-        .attempt_payment(&tenant, &invoice, false)
+        .reconcile_payments(&tenant, &invoice, true, false)
         .await
         .map_err(internal)?;
 
@@ -92,6 +92,33 @@ pub async fn ensure_invoice_bolt11(
     ok(bolt11)
 }
 
+/// Open a hosted Stripe Checkout session to pay a single open invoice by card,
+/// returning the URL to redirect the tenant to. Unlike the off-session card
+/// charge, Checkout can satisfy a 3D Secure authentication challenge; the
+/// resulting payment is reconciled by `reconcile_invoice` (or the dunning poll).
+pub async fn ensure_invoice_checkout(
+    State(api): State<Arc<Api>>,
+    AuthedPubkey(auth): AuthedPubkey,
+    Path(id): Path<String>,
+) -> ApiResult {
+    let invoice = query::get_invoice(&id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(internal)?
+        .ok_or_else(|| not_found("invoice not found"))?;
+
+    api.require_admin_or_tenant(&auth, &invoice.tenant_pubkey)?;
+
+    let tenant = api.get_tenant_or_404(&invoice.tenant_pubkey).await?;
+
+    let checkout = api
+        .billing
+        .ensure_checkout_for_invoice(&tenant, &invoice)
+        .await
+        .map_err(internal)?;
+
+    ok(serde_json::json!({ "url": checkout.url }))
+}
+
 /// The line items billed on an invoice
 pub async fn list_invoice_items(
     State(api): State<Arc<Api>>,

backend/src/stripe.rs

@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ impl Stripe {
                 ("currency", currency),
                 ("customer", customer_id),
                 ("payment_method", payment_method_id),
+                ("metadata[invoice_id]", invoice_id),
                 ("off_session", "true"),
                 ("confirm", "true"),
             ])
@@ -148,6 +149,77 @@ impl Stripe {
             .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing payment intent id"))
     }
 
+    // --- Checkout ---
+
+    /// Open a hosted Stripe Checkout session that charges `amount` (in the
+    /// currency's minor units) for a single invoice on-session, so the customer
+    /// can satisfy a 3D Secure authentication that an off-session saved-card
+    /// charge can't. Returns the session id, its hosted URL, and its expiry. The
+    /// session and the PaymentIntent it creates both carry `invoice_id` in
+    /// metadata so the charge is traceable back to our ledger.
+    pub async fn create_checkout_session(
+        &self,
+        customer_id: &str,
+        invoice_id: &str,
+        amount: i64,
+        currency: &str,
+        success_url: &str,
+        cancel_url: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(String, String, i64)> {
+        let amount = amount.to_string();
+        let body = self
+            .post("/checkout/sessions")
+            .form(&[
+                ("mode", "payment"),
+                ("customer", customer_id),
+                ("success_url", success_url),
+                ("cancel_url", cancel_url),
+                ("line_items[0][quantity]", "1"),
+                ("line_items[0][price_data][currency]", currency),
+                ("line_items[0][price_data][unit_amount]", amount.as_str()),
+                (
+                    "line_items[0][price_data][product_data][name]",
+                    "Relay subscription",
+                ),
+                ("payment_intent_data[metadata][invoice_id]", invoice_id),
+                ("metadata[invoice_id]", invoice_id),
+            ])
+            .send_json()
+            .await?;
+
+        let session_id = body["id"]
+            .as_str()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing checkout session id"))?;
+        let url = body["url"]
+            .as_str()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing checkout session url"))?;
+        let expires_at = body["expires_at"]
+            .as_i64()
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing checkout session expiry"))?;
+        Ok((session_id.to_string(), url.to_string(), expires_at))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a Checkout session has been paid. Used to reconcile an invoice
+    /// once the customer returns from (or later completes) the hosted page.
+    pub async fn is_checkout_paid(&self, session_id: &str) -> Result<bool> {
+        let body = self
+            .get(&format!("/checkout/sessions/{session_id}"))
+            .send_json()
+            .await?;
+        Ok(body["payment_status"].as_str() == Some("paid"))
+    }
+
+    /// Expire a Checkout session so it can no longer be completed. Used to close
+    /// out a still-open session once its invoice has been paid another way,
+    /// preventing a double charge. Errors if the session isn't open (already
+    /// completed or expired), which the caller treats as best-effort.
+    pub async fn expire_checkout_session(&self, session_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.post(&format!("/checkout/sessions/{session_id}/expire"))
+            .send_ok()
+            .await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     // --- Portal ---
 
     /// Open a Stripe billing-portal session for the customer, returning the URL

frontend/src/components/PaymentDialog.tsx

@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@ import { createEffect, createResource, createSignal, Show } from "solid-js"
 import QRCode from "qrcode"
 import Modal from "@/components/Modal"
 import PaymentSetup from "@/components/PaymentSetup"
-import { CardSetupBody } from "@/components/PaymentSetupShell"
 import InvoiceItemsList from "@/components/payment/InvoiceItemsList"
 import LightningPayBody from "@/components/payment/LightningPayBody"
 import { setToastMessage } from "@/lib/state"
 import { copyToClipboard } from "@/lib/clipboard"
-import { useCardPortal } from "@/lib/usePaymentSetup"
+import { useInvoiceCheckout } from "@/lib/usePaymentSetup"
 import { ensureInvoiceBolt11, listInvoiceItems, reconcileInvoice, type Invoice } from "@/lib/api"
 import { autopayConfigured } from "@/lib/paymentMethod"
 import { billingTenant } from "@/lib/state"
@@ -40,9 +39,11 @@ export default function PaymentDialog(props: PaymentDialogProps) {
     listInvoiceItems,
   )
 
-  // Card payment is a redirect to the Stripe billing portal; once a card is on
-  // file we retry collection on this invoice automatically.
-  const card = useCardPortal()
+  // Paying by card opens a Stripe Checkout session scoped to this invoice (which
+  // can clear a 3D Secure challenge the off-session charge can't), then returns
+  // here where the payment is reconciled. Distinct from PaymentSetup, which
+  // manages the recurring card on file via the billing portal.
+  const checkout = useInvoiceCheckout(() => props.invoice.id)
 
   const hasAutopay = () => {
     const t = billingTenant()
@@ -72,10 +73,10 @@ export default function PaymentDialog(props: PaymentDialogProps) {
     void loadBolt11()
   })
 
-  // The card portal lives in a shared hook, so surface its failures here by
-  // mirroring its error signal into the toast.
+  // The checkout redirect lives in a shared hook, so surface its failures here
+  // by mirroring its error signal into the toast.
   createEffect(() => {
-    const err = card.error()
+    const err = checkout.error()
     if (err) setToastMessage(err)
   })
 
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ export default function PaymentDialog(props: PaymentDialogProps) {
     setBolt11("")
     setQrDataUrl("")
     setPayMethod("lightning")
-    card.reset()
+    checkout.reset()
     props.onClose()
   }
 
@@ -186,9 +187,27 @@ export default function PaymentDialog(props: PaymentDialogProps) {
                 />
               </Show>
 
-              {/* Card: redirect to the Stripe billing portal */}
+              {/* Card: redirect to a Stripe Checkout session for this invoice */}
               <Show when={payMethod() === "card"}>
-                <CardSetupBody card={card} />
+                <div class="text-center space-y-4">
+                  <div class="mx-auto flex h-12 w-12 items-center justify-center rounded-full bg-gray-100">
+                    <svg class="w-6 h-6 text-gray-400" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
+                      <rect x="1" y="4" width="22" height="16" rx="2" ry="2" />
+                      <line x1="1" y1="10" x2="23" y2="10" />
+                    </svg>
+                  </div>
+                  <p class="text-sm text-gray-600">
+                    Pay this invoice on Stripe's secure checkout. You'll be redirected and brought back here once it's done.
+                  </p>
+                  <button
+                    type="button"
+                    onClick={checkout.openCheckout}
+                    disabled={checkout.redirecting()}
+                    class="w-full py-2 px-4 bg-blue-600 text-white text-sm font-medium rounded-lg hover:bg-blue-700 disabled:opacity-50 transition-colors"
+                  >
+                    {checkout.redirecting() ? "Redirecting..." : `Pay ${amountLabel()} by card`}
+                  </button>
+                </div>
               </Show>
             </div>
           }

frontend/src/lib/api.ts

@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ export type InvoiceItem = {
   amount: number
   description: string
   created_at: number
+  voided_at: number | null
 }
 
 export type Bolt11 = {
@@ -335,6 +336,15 @@ export function ensureInvoiceBolt11(invoiceId: string) {
   return callApi<undefined, Bolt11>("POST", `/invoices/${invoiceId}/bolt11`)
 }
 
+// Open a hosted Stripe Checkout session to pay a single invoice by card,
+// reusing a valid pending one. Unlike the off-session charge, Checkout can
+// satisfy a 3D Secure challenge. Returns the URL to redirect to; the payment is
+// reconciled by reconcileInvoice once the tenant returns (or by the poll). The
+// return URL is fixed to the account page server-side.
+export function createInvoiceCheckout(invoiceId: string) {
+  return callApi<undefined, { url: string }>("POST", `/invoices/${invoiceId}/checkout`)
+}
+
 // Reconcile and collect an open invoice: ensure a payable bolt11 exists, then
 // run the payment cascade (NWC, then an out-of-band Lightning settle, then a
 // saved card). Caller-initiated, so no dunning DM and no churn. Returns the

frontend/src/lib/paymentMethod.ts

@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@ export function nwcState(t: Pick<Tenant, "nwc_is_set" | "nwc_error">): PaymentMe
 
 export function cardState(t: Pick<Tenant, "stripe_payment_method_id" | "stripe_error">): PaymentMethodState {
   if (!t.stripe_payment_method_id) return { kind: "not_set_up" }
-  if (t.stripe_error) return { kind: "error", message: t.stripe_error }
+  // Don't surface Stripe's raw decline/error text to the tenant (it can be noisy
+  // or sensitive); show a generic message. The detail stays on the tenant record
+  // for admins (see AdminTenantDetail).
+  if (t.stripe_error) return { kind: "error", message: "Payment failed" }
   return { kind: "ok" }
 }
 

frontend/src/lib/useInvoicePdf.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { createSignal } from "solid-js"
-import QRCode from "qrcode"
 import { ensureInvoiceBolt11, invoiceStatus, listInvoiceItems, type Invoice, type InvoiceItem } from "@/lib/api"
 import { methodLabel } from "@/lib/paymentMethod"
 import { formatUsd } from "@/lib/format"
@@ -33,20 +32,16 @@ export function useInvoicePdf() {
       })
 
       let sats: number | undefined
-      let qrDataUrl: string | undefined
       if (invoice.method !== "stripe" && invoice.voided_at == null) {
         try {
           const bolt11 = await ensureInvoiceBolt11(invoice.id)
           sats = Math.round(bolt11.msats / 1000)
-          if (invoice.paid_at == null) {
-            qrDataUrl = await QRCode.toDataURL(bolt11.lnbc, { width: 180, margin: 1 })
-          }
         } catch {
           // no bolt11 available — omit the bitcoin line
         }
       }
 
-      printHtml(buildHtml({ invoice, items, sats, qrDataUrl }))
+      printHtml(buildHtml({ invoice, items, sats }))
     } finally {
       setPrinting(false)
     }
@@ -55,8 +50,8 @@ export function useInvoicePdf() {
   return { printInvoice, printing }
 }
 
-function buildHtml(opts: { invoice: Invoice; items: InvoiceItem[]; sats?: number; qrDataUrl?: string }): string {
-  const { invoice, items, sats, qrDataUrl } = opts
+function buildHtml(opts: { invoice: Invoice; items: InvoiceItem[]; sats?: number }): string {
+  const { invoice, items, sats } = opts
   // The draft invoice carries the sentinel id and no lifecycle timestamps, so
   // invoiceStatus would read it as "open" — label it "draft" explicitly.
   const status = invoice.id === "draft" ? "draft" : invoiceStatus(invoice)
@@ -69,9 +64,6 @@ function buildHtml(opts: { invoice: Invoice; items: InvoiceItem[]; sats?: number
 
   const satsRow = sats != null ? `<tr><td>Bitcoin equivalent</td><td class="amt">${sats.toLocaleString()} sats</td></tr>` : ""
   const methodLine = invoice.method ? `<div>Paid via ${escapeHtml(methodLabel(invoice.method))}</div>` : ""
-  const qr = qrDataUrl
-    ? `<div class="qr"><img src="${qrDataUrl}" alt="Lightning invoice QR"/><div class="muted">Scan to pay by Lightning</div></div>`
-    : ""
 
   return `<!doctype html><html><head><meta charset="utf-8"><title>Invoice ${escapeHtml(invoice.id)}</title>
   <style>
@@ -86,7 +78,6 @@ function buildHtml(opts: { invoice: Invoice; items: InvoiceItem[]; sats?: number
     th, td { text-align: left; padding: 8px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e7eb; font-size: 14px; }
     .amt { text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; }
     tfoot td { font-weight: 600; border-bottom: none; border-top: 2px solid #111827; }
-    .qr { margin-top: 28px; text-align: center; }
   </style></head>
   <body>
     <div class="head">
@@ -105,7 +96,6 @@ function buildHtml(opts: { invoice: Invoice; items: InvoiceItem[]; sats?: number
       <tbody>${rows}${satsRow}</tbody>
       <tfoot><tr><td>Total</td><td class="amt">${formatUsd(invoice.amount)}</td></tr></tfoot>
     </table>
-    ${qr}
   </body></html>`
 }
 
@@ -133,7 +123,7 @@ function printHtml(html: string) {
   const cleanup = () => window.setTimeout(() => iframe.remove(), 1000)
   win.onafterprint = cleanup
 
-  // Let the iframe lay out (and decode the QR image) before printing.
+  // Let the iframe lay out before printing.
   window.setTimeout(() => {
     win.focus()
     win.print()

frontend/src/lib/usePaymentSetup.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { createSignal } from "solid-js"
 import { updateActiveTenant } from "@/lib/hooks"
-import { createPortalSession } from "@/lib/api"
+import { createInvoiceCheckout, createPortalSession } from "@/lib/api"
 import { account } from "@/lib/state"
 
 // Lightning/NWC save state machine, shared by the combined and focused setup
@@ -65,3 +65,33 @@ export function useCardPortal() {
 }
 
 export type CardPortal = ReturnType<typeof useCardPortal>
+
+// Paying one specific invoice by card is a full-page redirect to a Stripe
+// Checkout session scoped to that invoice (so a 3D Secure challenge can be
+// completed) — distinct from the billing-portal redirect that manages the
+// recurring card on file. Like the portal, there's no local "saved" state, only
+// the in-flight redirect and any failure to open the session.
+export function useInvoiceCheckout(invoiceId: () => string) {
+  const [redirecting, setRedirecting] = createSignal(false)
+  const [error, setError] = createSignal("")
+
+  async function openCheckout() {
+    setRedirecting(true)
+    setError("")
+    try {
+      const { url } = await createInvoiceCheckout(invoiceId())
+      window.location.href = url
+    } catch (e) {
+      setError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : "Failed to open checkout")
+      setRedirecting(false)
+    }
+  }
+
+  function reset() {
+    setError("")
+  }
+
+  return { redirecting, error, openCheckout, reset }
+}
+
+export type InvoiceCheckout = ReturnType<typeof useInvoiceCheckout>

frontend/src/pages/Account.tsx

@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@ export default function Account() {
   // composite: reconcile the subscription, sync a card just added in the portal,
   // and collect the open invoice if a method is now on file — then refresh. This
   // is what pays the outstanding invoice after the user adds a card and returns.
+  // Reconciles on landing (including after returning from a Stripe Checkout or
+  // the billing portal): reconcile_tenant settles any out-of-band payment — a
+  // completed Checkout or a bolt11 paid elsewhere — and collects when a method
+  // is on file, then refreshes. No per-invoice return marker needed.
   createEffect(() => {
     const pubkey = account()?.pubkey
     if (pubkey) void billing.autopay(pubkey)